Indo-Pacific Leopard Shark

The Indo-Pacific leopard shark (or Stegostoma tigrinum), also known as the zebra shark, is a distinctive and slow-moving benthic shark. It is found throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea and eastern coast of Africa to Southeast Asia, northern Australia, and as far north as southern Japan. It inhabits coral reefs, sandy lagoons, and seagrass beds at depths from the surface to 60m. As juveniles, these sharks have black and white bands, hence their former common name, ‘zebra shark,’ but as they mature, their colouration changes to a pale yellow or tan body covered in dark leopard-like spots. They measure between 2.0m and 2.7m long with females generally larger than males, and weigh between 30kg to 50kg.

The Indo-Pacific leopard shark is classified as Endangered. Historically abundant in tropical coral reef and lagoon habitats throughout the Indo-Pacific, the species has suffered sharp population declines due to overfishing, particularly for its meat, fins, and liver oil. It is often caught as bycatch when targeting other marine animals. Its slow growth, late sexual maturity, and low reproductive rate make it especially vulnerable to exploitation. It is further threatened by degradation of coral reef ecosystems caused by coastal development, pollution, and climate change. Marine protected areas (MPAs) safeguard critical reef habitats and nursery zones. Public aquariums maintain successful captive breeding programs, reducing wild capture and providing valuable data on reproduction, growth, and health. Education programs raise awareness of the species among coastal communities, while international trade in the species is regulated and monitored. While challenges remain, efforts to improve fisheries management, habitat protection, and public engagement offer hope for the long-term survival of the Indo-Pacific leopard shark.